DISS Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences HUMSS (CNHS) Calubian National High School Senior high School

4th Grading Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Competency

5. Rational Choice predict the social consequences of decision making based on scarcityHUMSS_DIS 11-IVa-6
6. Institutionalism examine the constitutive nature of informal and formal institutions and their actors and how it constrains social behavior HUMSS_DIS 11-IVb-7
7. Feminist Theorydetermine the relationship between gender ideology and gender inequalityHUMSS_DIS 11-IVc-8
8. Hermeneutical Phenomenologyanalyze significance of dataHUMSS_DIS 11-IVd-9
Human-Environment Systems9.1. distinguish the ways by which human-environment interactions shape cultural and natural landscapes9.2. interpret thematic and mental maps to understand landscape changes and an individual’s sense of place9.3. explain environmental and social issues through the analysis of spatial distributions and spatial processesHUMSS_DIS 11-IVd-10

Reporting. (first Batch)

WHAT is this?

Rational choice Theory (Makatwirang Pagpili) theory banks on the key idea that humans are actively calculating the pros and cons of a particular choice, which affects the behaviors that they exhibit. These choices are often determined by an individual preferences and the extent by which he or she perceives them as immediate needs or wants. This theory remains relevant today in providing an analytical lens (pananaw na pag susuri) for understanding the choice that humans make especially with regard to deviant use.

In order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define institutions in this theoretical perspective. Institutions are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action. Institutionalism, therefore, is an approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into social psyche. There are different types of institutionalism, but their common concern is to find out the effects of these institutions and determine how these affect the manner by which the society functions.

Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.

Three functions of Isomorphism:
 regulative function operates through coercive isomorphism, which places value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not depending on external factors such as rules and laws. (See the explanation)
 normative function operates through normative isomorphism, which places value on complying with social obligations. Change either happens or not depending on external factors such as accreditation’s and certifications. (See the Explanation)
 cognitive function operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value on factors such as uncertainty and prevalence of others‟ performance. (See the Explanation)

REPORTING ( Second Batch)

Key Concepts in Institutionalism
Formal and Informal Institutions
Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules, practices and norms they derive authority from.

Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.

Informal institutions, on the other hand, are equally known rules and norms but are not commonly written down. Informal institutions are social practices that have been commonly viewed as acceptable and are more persistent than codified laws like that of formal institutions. Examples: Informal institutions, social norms, attitudes, traditions, self-enforced morals.

Important Theorists on Institutionalism
David Mitrany
 David Mitrany (1888-1975) was a Romanian-born British scholar, historian, and political theorist. Mitrany is considered as the father of functionalism in international relations, which is classified under liberal institutionalism.
Functionalism, as applied to the study of states, proposes an alternative to territorialism, which is the foundation from which states derive their power of authority from territory. Functionalism explains that a state‟s authority lies in functions and needs, and the ability to provide for those needs. Its sees scientific knowledge and technological advancements as sources of authority from which the state can derive its power. Territory then becomes negligible and focuses instead on expertise and the ability to produce what is needed by the people or by other states.

Jean Monnet
 Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was a French political economist and diplomat. As one of the originators of the European Union, he saw how the needs of the state are to be achieved through the principle of supranationality. As Mitrany argued against territory being the source of authority, Monnet used the argument to erase country borderlines.
During Monnet‟s time, coal production was abundant in Germany, which was still under the sanctions imposed by the Allies‟ victory after World War II. France at that time also needed some coal. Given the situation, Germany needed some sanctions to be lifted so as to gain some economic growth, while France needed coal to get back to its pre-war economic status.

Stephen Krasner
 Stephen Krasner (born 1942) is an American professor of international relations. Krasner argues that the American government and nongovernment organizations should prioritize the stabilization of weakened states so that American interests would be protected. In order to address the continued deterioration of weaker states, he suggested creation of institutions that will allow the weaker states to enter a market democracy. Krasner also argues that the formal institutions of the U.S. come from decisions made by the president, but bureaucratic process. convey the idea that many people decided on these matters and not just the president. He holds that the president’s power to control, manipulate, and create policies is seemingly perceived as being dissipated by the bureaucratic machinery.

REPORTING 3rd Batch

Types of Institutionalism:

1. Normative institutionalism– is a sociological interpretation of institutions and
   holds that a “logic of appropriateness” guides the behavior of actors within an
   institution. It predicts that the norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the
   actions of those acting within them.
2. Rational Choice Institutionalism– is a theoretical approach to the study of
   institutions arguing that actors use institutions to maximize their utility. However,
   actors face rule-based constraints which influence their behavior.
3. Historical institutionalism – is a new institutionalist social science approach
   that emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions,
   and shape social, political, economic behavior and change.
4. Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns
   “the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important
   theoretical building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.
5. Institutional Economics – focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary
   process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.
6. Discursive institutionalism – is an umbrella concept for approaches that
   concern themselves with the substantive content of ideas and the interactive
   processes of discourse in institutional context.
7. Constructivist institutionalism – According to multiple theorists, this is so
   whether the field in question is directly denoted as or has to do more with
   bringing constructivist ideas into some other field, or with bringing ideas back
   into the theory in contrast against structuralist and/or system.
8. Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how
   gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and maintain gender power dynamic.

What’s More:

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. What will happen to the society if there is no Institutionalism?
2. Explain the different types of Institutionalism.
3. How does the views of Institutionalism theorists help you as an individual?
4. Why is it important for us to study Institutionalism theory?

What I Have Learned

Based from what you have learned in this lesson, write a two paragraph essay on
the benefits of the different types of Institutionalism that is applicable in your day to
day lives. Write your essay on a short bondpaper.
Rubrics:
Content-10 points
Organization of Ideas- 5 points
Format and Mechanics-5 points

Lesson 4 FEMINIST THEORY

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
 The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
 Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
 connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
 interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the Social Sciences
 evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach
Most Essential Learning Competencies
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
 Feminist Theory MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)
Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:

1. Explain feminist theory;
2. Identify the key concepts and feminist theorist; and
3. Express the importance of feminist theory

Directions:
Identification. Read the questions carefully. Choose your answer inside the box and
write the correct answer in your activity notebook.

1. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom. ___

2. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities,
   treatment, respect, and social rights. __
3. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well
   as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society’s
   gender arrangements are fair. __
4. This explains how the idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as an
   instrument of oppression rather than liberation. _
5. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that
   establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific
   roles. __
6. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation
   of our economy. __
7. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on
   sex. __
8. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are
   differences in human capacities that are based on sex. __
9. This is a theory on the creation of gender, similar to how theatrical actors create
   roles identifiable to audiences. __
10. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women‟s
    ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. __

4th Batch Reporting

What’s IN

The theory of Institutionalism allows for a discourse on how institutions affect the decision of humans within the frame of a society. Today, this theory finds its relevance in creating opportunities for growth and development among institutions whether in the macro or micro context.

What is It

First, let’s define Feminism in general. The global idea of Feminism refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights. In general, Feminists are people who try to acknowledge social inequality based on gender and stop it from continuing. Feminists point out that in most cultures throughout history men have received more opportunities than women.

While this basic idea of Feminism seems simple enough, there are many people who misunderstand what the goal of Feminism is. Some people imagine that all Feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course, this stereotype offends actual Feminists. Why is there such a big difference between stereotype and reality when it comes to Feminists? One of the reasons for this discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of Feminism. Let‟s cover four of those types now – Radical Feminism, Socialist Feminism, Cultural Feminism, and Liberal Feminism. Maybe you are a Feminist, and you didn’t even know it!

Feminist theory includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society’s gender arrangements are fair.
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology that shifts its assumptions, analytic lens, and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward that of women. In doing so, Feminist theory shines a light on social problems, trends, and issues that are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the historically dominant male perspective within social theory.
Feminist theory encompasses a range of ideas, reflecting the diversity of women worldwide. Feminism counters traditional philosophy with new ways of addressing issues affecting humanity, calling for the replacement of the presiding patriarchal order with a system that emphasizes equal rights, justice, and fairness.
Liberal feminists cite women‟s oppression as rooted in social, political, and legal constraints.

Radical Libertarian Feminists hold that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom.

Radical Cultural Feminists urge women to extricate themselves from the institution of compulsory heterosexuality.

Marxist–socialist feminists claim it is impossible for anyone, especially women, to achieve true freedom in a class-based society. Multicultural feminists explain how the idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as an instrument of oppression rather than liberation. Postmodern feminists challenge Western dualistic thinking.
Global feminists stress the universal interests of women worldwide. Eco feminists focus on the connection among humans to the nonhuman world. Feminist theory has impacted virtually all structures, systems, and disciplines, challenging traditional ontological and epistemological assumptions about human nature as well as „maleness‟ and „femaleness.‟ Modern feminism, which began 200 years ago, has evolved in three waves. The first wave dealt with suffrage; the second centered on equal access; and the current wave is focusing on global equality.

Feminism studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics these two concepts play out in economics, politics, sexuality, race and nationality among others. It is both a sociological perspective and a philosophy that aims to promote gender equality, social justice, and women‟s rights. However, the primary concern that feminism tries to address is the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal structure of most societies. Patriarchy, in its most basic sense, is a social organization wherein the father or eldest male heads a society or government. The head of the family is the father, and the mother is subordinate to the decisions of the father. In some contexts, however, patriarchy constructs a social structure where men are seen as more powerful than women.

5th Batch Reporting

Key Concepts in Feminism
Gender Ideology and Inequality

 Gender ideology is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific roles. Some gender ideologies include women staying at home while men go to work, and women being more delicate, emotional, and nurturing compared to men who are more aggressive, assertive, and dominant. Gender ideology is also actualized in how toys are determined for children. Typically, action figures are supposed to be played by boys and dolls are to be played by girls. A boy playing with a doll is ridiculed as being gay, while a girl playing action figures is teased as a lesbian.

 Gender inequality is the actualization or realization of gender ideology. There is gender inequality when the perceived role of women subordination to men reflects hiring procedures and requirements. For example, a secretarial post accepting only female applicants. Salaries are also unequal when it comes to
men and women.

Four types of feminism
 Radical feminism is a movement that believes sexism is so deeply rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of gender completely. Radical feminists suggest changes, such as finding technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman’s body, to promote more equality between men and women. This will allow women to avoid missing work for maternity leave, which radical feminists argue is one reason women aren’t promoted as quickly as men. In fact, radical feminists would argue that the entire traditional family system is sexist. Men are expected to work outside the home
while women are expected to care for children and clean the house. Radical feminists note that this traditional dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women, and therefore, the traditional family structure should be rejected.

 Socialist feminism is slightly less extreme but still calls for major social change. Socialist feminism is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation of our economy. Basically, socialist feminism argues that capitalism strengthens and supports the sexist status quo because men are the ones who currently have power and money. Those men are more willing to share their power and money with other men, which means that women are continually given fewer opportunities and resources. This keeps women under the control of men. In short, socialist feminism focuses on economics and politics.

 Cultural feminism is a movement that pointsout how modern society is hurt by encouraging
masculine behavior, but society would benefit by encouraging feminine behavior instead. This
also refers to the philosophy that men and women have different approaches to the world around them, and that greater value should be placed on the way women approach the world. In some cases, cultural feminism argues that a woman‟s way of looking at the world is actually superior to men.

 Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal feminism’s primary goal is
gender equality in the public sphere, such as equal access to education, equal pay, ending job
sex segregation. It is broadly accepted that the proposition of contemporary advanced industrial
societies are meritocratic, and that women as a group are not innately less.

6th Batch Reporting

Important Theorists in Feminism

 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) was an English writer, philosopher, and women’s rights advocate. Wollstonecraft advocated that the human rights written by John Locke also be accorded to women. Although Locke’s human rights did not discriminate sexes, their application during that time was relegated only to men. Wollstonecraft thus, argued that women should also have the right to life, property, pursuit of happiness and suffrage.

 Nancy Cott (born 1945) is an American historian and professor. Cott traced the historical roots of the feminist movement in America and identified its paradoxes, struggles, and periods of decline. One paradox by Cott was the rise of two feminist ideologies-human feminism and female feminism. Human feminism argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on sex. Female
feminism, on the other hand, argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are differences in human capacities that are based on sex.

 Adrienne Rich (1929–2012) was an American poet, and feminist. She used poetry to bring to light the oppression of women and lesbians in society. Her poems explored themes such as women‟s roles in society, racism, and war. Her collection of poetry, “Diving Into the Wreck”, garnered wide praise and accolades. In her essay, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”, Rich defined how heterosexuality becomes an alienating and oppressing concept that only lends to the establishment of male dominance over women. Rich defined being a lesbian as more than a sexual
preference, but a cumulative lived experience of women and their history.

 Judith Butler (born 1956) is an American philosopher and gender theorist, whose key idea is her theory of Gender Performativity. Gender performativity is a theory on the creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences. Butler claims that gender is an action which is separable from the actor. Gender is performative in a sense that gender roles and norms have already been established in society throughouthistory. Humans are so accustomed to these traditions that we associate certain acts to a particular gender. For Butler, gender is not a pre- established identity, but an act of existing in as much. Gender is a choice- a choice to act according to how society established norms of masculinity or femininity.

 Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948) is an American sociologist. Her work studies feminism in the perspective of a black woman. Collins argues that different oppressions happen within the context of race, gender and class and that there are overlapping instances of oppression. Collins claims that knowing the point of view of a black woman’s struggle and feminism can provide a window for other similarlyoppressed groups or individuals. She also argues that the dynamics of oppression must be seen from all angles, and not simply on one form or factor of oppression.

 Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was an American novelist, philosopher, and playwright. Calling her philosophy objectivism. She aimed to use reason in order to achieve personal happiness. Her theories and arguments were not limited within the confines of the feminist agenda, but encompassed all of human existence. She did not identify differences between genders because she talked about universalities such as human rights. Objectivism, in particular, is living for one‟s own sake without sacrificing himself or herself for
another. It is a philosophy determined to find personal truth and fulfill without the use of force or violence. She is considered a feminist due to her stance that all human beings are equal- equal in their
pursuit of self-interests and equal in upholding their rights.

Activity 2:
Editorial Cartooning
Materials needed: pencil, crayons, activity notebook
Directions: Create an editorial cartoon showing Gender Ideology in your activity notebook.
Rubrics/Criteria
Relevance to the theme – 40pts
Originality – 35pts
Impact (neatness,harmony,
Color presentation – 25 pts

TOTAL 100 pts.

What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. How does Gender Ideology affect our society?
2. Have you experienced being unfairly treated? Under what circumstance/s? How
   did you handle it?
3. As a student, how can you promote gender equality in your family? In the
   society?

What I Have Learned

Read the poem and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in
your activity notebook.
I Stay at Home
| A Social Justice Poem by Guy Farmer
Brother goes off to school
While I stay at home
Tending to the boiling pot
On the stove, scrubbing the
Floor to a fine shine,
Cleaning the streaks off the windows,
Dreaming of being in a classroom
Traveling to colorful new worlds.

1. Who do you think is the persona of the poem, I Stay at Home?
2. What do you think is the poem all about?
3. Do you agree with the idea of the persona, staying at home?
4. What can you do to change the society‟s traditional culture of gender
   inequality?

What I Can Do

 What is Institutionalism?
 How important is Institutionalism in our daily life?

Assessment

Direction: Identification. Read the following questions carefully. Choose your answer from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

1. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation of our economy. __
2. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on sex. __
3. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are differences in human capacities that are based on sex. __
4. This is a theory on the creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences. __
5. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.

6. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom. ___
7. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights. __
8. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society’s gender arrangements are fair. __
9. This explains how the idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as a instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
10. .It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific roles. ___

Additional Activities

Choose three (3) significant women that have a great impact in your life, and explain
how they have inspired you as a student. Write answer in your activity notebook.

Glossary

• Cognitive function – operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value on factors such as uncertainly and prevalence of others‟ performance.
• Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and maintain gender power dynamics.
• Institutions – are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action.
• Institutionalism – is an approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into social psyche.
• Isomorphism – refer to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
• Regulative function – operates through coercive isomorphism, which places value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not depending on external factors such as rules and laws.
• Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns “the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important theoretical building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Quarter 2– Module 10:
HERMENUETICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Lesson 5 HERMENUETICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
 The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
 Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
 connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
 interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
 evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach
Most Essential Learning Competencies
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
 Institutionalism MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)
Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:

1. Define Hermeneutical Phenomenology;
2. Identify the key concepts and principles of Hermeneutical Phenomenology; and
3. Express the importance of Hermeneutical Phenomenology

What I Know

Identification:
Directions: Read the questions carefully, and choose your answer from the word
pool below. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

1. It is the study of ―phenomena ―: appearances of things, or things as they appear
   in our experience, or the ways in which we experience things, thus the meanings
   that things have in our experience.
2. This is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation
   of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
3. It is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human experiences as a
   means to understand the question of what it is to be human.
4. This seeks to establish exegetical principles by which ethical lessons may be
   drawn from the various parts of the Bible.
5. He is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and
   existentialism.
6. Is an approach to psychological qualitative research with an idiographic focus,
   which means that it aims to offer insights into how a given person, in a given
   context, makes sense of a given phenomenon.
7. It is widely used in social science research as a method to explore and describe
   the lived experience of individuals.
8. This refers to the interpretation which asserts that a biblical text is to be
   interpreted according to the ―plain meaning ― conveyed by its grammatical
   construction and historical context.
9. This is a third type of hermeneutics that interprets the biblical narratives as
   having a second level of reference beyond those persons, things, and events
   explicitly mentioned in the text.
10. .A type of Phenomenology that studies the emergence/genesis of meanings of
    things within one’s own stream of experience.

What’s In

 What are the differences between gender ideology and gender inequality?
 How will you promote gender equality in our society?

7th Batch Reporting

What is It

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. Hermeneutics is more than interpretive principles or methods used when immediate comprehension fails and includes the art of understanding and communication.

This is also the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, especially of the Bible or literary texts. The primary need of Hermeneutics is to determine and understand the meaning of Biblical text. The purpose of Hermeneutics is to bridge the gap between our minds and the minds of the Biblical writers through a thorough knowledge of the original languages, ancient history and the comparison of Scripture with Scripture.

In the history of biblical interpretation, four major types of hermeneutics have
emerged: the literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical. Literal interpretation asserts
that a biblical text is to be interpreted according to the ―plain meaning‖ conveyed by
its grammatical construction and historical context.

1. Hermeneutics Literal interpretation asserts that a biblical text is to be interpreted according to the ―plain meaning‖ conveyed by its grammatical construction and historical context. The literal meaning is held to correspond to the intention of the authors.
2. Hermeneutics Moral which seeks to establish exegetical principles by which ethical lessons may be drawn from the various parts of the Bible.
3. Allegorical Hermeneutics a third type of hermeneutics, interprets the biblical narratives as having a second level of reference beyond those persons, things, and events explicitly mentioned in the text.
4. Interpretation Hermeneutics. This mode of interpretation seeks to explain biblical events as they relate to or prefigure the life to come.
   

Friedrich Schleiermacher, also known as the father of modern theology, andrecently the father of modern hermeneutics, took the theory of interpretation onto a whole new level. He transformed the traditional Biblical hermeneutics into a general hermeneutic which incorporated texts of all kinds.

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. Indeed, it is the science and art of Biblical interpretation. It is a science because it is guided by rules within a system; and it is an art because the application of the rules is by skill, and not by mechanical imitation.

Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon ―that which appears ― and lógos ―study ―) is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness. As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany.

The science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being. An approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience. Literally, phenomenology is the study of ―phenomena ―: appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our experience.

Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of view. It is a broad discipline and method of inquiry in philosophy, developed largely by the German philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, which is based on the premise that reality consists of objects and events (―phenomena ―) as they are perceived or understood in the human consciousness. Phenomenology, as a method has four characteristics, namely: descriptive, reduction, essence and intentionality. to investigate as it happens.
Observations ensure that the form of the description are the things themselves. We
can use the historical perspective to clarify the earlier statement that there are
several types of phenomenology.

Phenomenology is concerned about reduction, a way of bracketing our
experience of being in the world so as to let us encounter the phenomena, presence,
and the being of life in the world itself.

8th Batch Reporting

HERMENUETICS PHILOSOPHERS:

1. Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition of philosophy. He is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. In Being and Time (1927), Heidegger addresses the meaning of ―being‖ by considering the question, ―what is common to all entities that makes them entities? ―Heidegger approaches this question through an analysis of Dasein, his term for the specific type of being that humans possess, and which he associates closely with his concept of ―being-in-the-world‖ (In-der-Welt-sein).This conception of the human is in contrast with that of Rationalist thinkers like René Descartes, who had understood human existence most basically as thinking, as in Cogito ergo sum (―I think therefore I am).

Heidegger’s later work includes criticism of the view, common in the Western tradition, that all of nature is a ―standing reserve ― on call for human purposes. Heidegger was a member and supporter of the Nazi Party. There is controversy as to the relationship between his philosophy and his Nazism.

Paul Nicolai Hartmann was a Baltic German philosopher. He is regarded as a key representative of critical realism and as one of the most important twentieth century metaphysicians. Hartmann’s ontological theory, the levels of reality are:
(1) the inorganic level
(2) the organic level
(3) the psychical/emotional and
(4) the intellectual/cultural level.

Hartmann postulates four laws that apply to the levels of reality, namely:

 The law of recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a sub-
aspect of higher categories, but never vice versa.

 The law of modification: The categorial elements modify in their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characteristics of the higher levels).
 The law of the novum: The higher category is composed of a diversity of lower elements, but it is a specific novum that is not included in the lower levels.
 The law of distance between levels: Since the different levels do not develop continuously but in leaps, they can be clearly distinguished.

The central concept of Hartmann’s ethical theory is that of a value. Hartmann’s 1926 book, Ethik, elaborates a material ethics of value according to which moral knowledge is achieved through phenomenological investigation into our experiences of values. Moral phenomena is understood by Hartmann to be experiences of a realm of being which is distinct from that of material things, namely, the realm of values. The values inhabiting this realm are unchanging, super-temporal, and super-
historical, though human consciousness of them shifts in focus over time. Borrowing

a style of phrase from Kant, Hartmann characterizes values as conditions of the possibility of goods; in other words, values are what make it possible for situations in the world to be good. Our knowledge of the goodness (or badness) of situations is derived from our emotional experiences of them, experiences which are made possible by a prior capacity for the appreciation of value. For Hartmann, this means
that our awareness of the value of a state of affairs is not arrived at through a process of reasoning, but rather, by way of an experience of feeling, which he calls valuational consciousness. If, then, ethics is the study of what one ought to do, or what states of affairs ought to bring about, such studies, according to Hartmann, must be carried out by paying close attention to our emotional capacities to discern
what is valuable in the world. As such, Hartmann’s conception of proper moral philosophy contrasts with rationalist and formalist theories, such as Kant’s, according to which ethical knowledge is derived from purely rational principles.

2. Gabriel Honoré Marcel (1889–1973) was a French philosopher, playwright, music critic and leading Christian existentialist. The author of over a dozen books and at least thirty plays, Marcel’s work focused on the modern individual’s struggle in a technologically dehumanizing society. Though often regarded as the first French existentialist, he dissociated himself from figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, preferring the term philosophy of existence or neo-Socrateanism to define his own thought. The Mystery of Being is a well-known two-volume workauthored by Marcel.

He is often classified as one of the earliest existentialists, although he dreaded being placed in the same category as Jean-Paul Sartre; Marcel came to prefer the label neo-Socratic (possibly because of Søren Kierkegaard, the father of Christian existentialism, who was a neo-Socratic thinker himself). While Marcel
recognized that human interaction often involved objective characterization of ―the other, he still asserted the possibility of ―communion – a state where both individuals can perceive each other’s subjectivity.

9th Bath Reporting

Two main approaches to Phenomenology:

1. Descriptive Phenomenology is widely used in social science research as a method to explore and describe the lived experience of individuals. It is a philosophy and a scientific method and has undertaken many variations as it has.
2. Interpretative Phenomenology is an approach to psychological qualitative research with an idiographic focus, which means that it aims to offer insights into how a given person, in a given context, makes sense of a given phenomenon.

Definitions of Terms

Absolute location: The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates of a grid system designed for locational purposes.

Anthropology: The study of humans; the social science that seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and worldviews.

Binary opposition: The means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined against what it is not.

Class conflict: Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.

Constitutive nature: Forming an essential part or a component of.

Core values: In Sikolohiyang Pilipino, the core of Filipino personhood is the concept of “kapwa” (shared identity), associated with which are other societal values.

Discourse: A formal way of thinking expressed through language.

Economics: A social science that deals with the optimum allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to satisfy the unlimited human wants and needs of the people.

Ego: The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demand of reality.

Environment: Surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions.

Feminist theory: A theory that (1) emphasizes gender as key basis of structured inequality, (2) challenges conventional distinctions between public and private, and (3) problematizes the fundamentally political relationship between gender and power.

Formal institutional constraint: Rules, procedure, and formal political organizations (such as government).

Gender ideology: Meanings involved in the assignment of roles for women and men within the household and outside of it.

Geography: The study of the earth’s surface; a specialized investigation of the physical structure of the earth, including its terrain and its climates, and the nature and character of its contrasting inhabited portions.

Geographical imagination: A sensitivity toward the significance of place and space, landscape and nature, in the constitution and conduct of life on Earth.

History: A study of the past, one that describes/narrates and analyzes human activities in the past and the changes that these had undergone.

Hermeneutical Phenomenology/Phenomenological Hermeneutics: Historical phenomena (or the world outside) is interpreted differently in proper context through one’s consciousness.

Humanities: The study of the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented; the fields of philosophy, literature, religion, art, music, history and language.

Id: The part of personality that Freud called “it” consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.

Informal institutional constraint: Uncodified rules of conduct such as sanctions, taboos, customs, and traditions that may create and/or sustain temporary organizations in potentially underdeveloped/ immature political worlds.

Institutionalism: An approach that views institutions as humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions.
Institutions: Stable, recurring patterns of behavior; hence, political institutions are not the same as political organizations.
Interdisciplinary approach: A method that integrates disciplinary elements and perspectives to create a holistic view or common understanding of a complex issue or problem.
Landscape: A term referring to the appearance of an area and to the items comprising that appearance.
Latent function: The unrecognized and unintended consequence of any social pattern.
Linguistics: The scientific study of language and its structure.
Manifest function: The recognized and intended consequence of any social pattern.
Marxism: An approach that acknowledges the economic relations between classes determine/structure social and political relations.
Mental maps: A map drawn to represent the mental image a person has of an area.
Multidisciplinary approach: A method that puts together separate disciplinary perspectives side by side, adding breadth of knowledge, information, and methods; disciplines retain their separate perspectives and elements.
Pantayong Pananaw: “From-us-for-us perspective”: A communication-based framework whose aim is to produce a “national” discourse (“talastasang bayan”).
Place: A human-wrought transformation of a part of the Earth’s surface or of preexisting, undifferentiated space.
Political science: The systematic study of politics.
Politics: May be defined as (1) the art of government, (2) public affairs, (3) compromise and consensus, and (4) power.
Psychoanalysis: A theory of personality, an approach to psychotherapy, and method of investigation founded by Sigmund Freud.
Psychodynamic approach: An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thoughts of the person.
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Rational choice: Rational choice is a product of scarcity and demand the people to make the right and rational choice to maximize the use of its resources.
Region: The term applied to an earth area that displays a distinctive grouping of physical or cultural phenomena or is functionally united as a single organizational unit.
Relative location: The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities.
Scale: In cartography, the ratio between length or size of an area on a map and the actual length or size of that same area on the earth’s surface; the size of the area studied, from local to global.
Scarcity: Scarcity is a basic problem arising from unlimited wants of people with limited resources.
Site: The place where something is located; the immediate surroundings and their attributes.
Situation: The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Is a psychology of, about, and for Philippine peoples.
Social dysfunction: Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
Social function: The consequence of any social pattern for the operation of a society as a whole.
Social conflict approach: An approach that sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change.
Social Science: The systematic study of various aspects of human society.
Sociology: The systematic study of human society.
Spatial distribution: The arrangement of things on the earth’s surface.
Structure: Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Structural functionalism: An approach that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It looks for a structure’s social function.

Structuralism: A method for analyzing language, narratives, and cultural phenomena that uncovers basic elements that form structures (often binary oppositions).

Superego: The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience.

Symbolic interactionism: An approach that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

Systems Analysis: An approach to thestudy of large systems through (1) segregation of the entire system into its component parts; (2) investigation of the interactions between system elements; and (3) study of inputs, outputs, flows, interactions, and boundaries within the system.

Thematic maps: A representation of the spatial distribution of a specific phenomenon (theme) across a geographic area.

General References:

Barnard, A. (2000). History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Burnham, P., Gilland Lutz, K., Grant, W., and Layton-Henry, Z. (2008). Research Methods in Politics (2nd Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Eviota, E. (1992). The Political Economy of Gender: Women and the Sexual Division of Labour in the Philippines. London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd.

Feist, J., Feist, G. , and Roberts, TA. (2013). Theories of Personality (8th Edition). USA: McGraw Companies, Inc.

Goodin, R. (1996). “Institutions and their Design,” in R. Goodin (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Getis, Arthur, Judith Getis, and Jerome Fellman (1998) Introduction to Geography. USA: McGraw Hill.

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore (2009) The Dictionary of Human Geography. UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Heywood, A. (2013). Politics (4th Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

King, L. (2013). Experience Psychology (2nd Edition). USA: McGraw Companies, Inc.

Klein, J. (2007). “Interdisciplinary Approaches in Social Science Research”, in W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (eds.) The Sage Handbook of Social Science Methodology. London: Sage Publications.

Macionis, J. (2012). Sociology (14th Edition). Singapore; Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.

Marsh, D. (2002). “Marxism”, in D. Marsh and G. Stoker (ed). Theory and Methods on Political Science (2nd Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

March, J. and Olsen, J. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions. New York: Free Press.

Navarro, A. at Lagbao-Bolante, F. (eds) (2007). Mga Babasahin sa Agham Panlipunang Pilipino: Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pilipinolohiya at Pantayong Pananaw. Lungsod Quezon: C&E Publishing North, D.

This rubric is designed for general reports and focuses on clarity, accuracy, and completeness.

Rubric 2: Scientific Report Rubric

This rubric is tailored for scientific reports, emphasizing methodology, data presentation, and discussion of results.

| Criteria | Points Possible | 90-100 Points (Excellent) .

• Iran Names Google, Amazon, Microsoft as Possible Targets
• Iran–Philippines Ties to Become ‘Even Brighter,’ Says Ambassador
• Iranian Community in Philippines Faces Bank, GCash Issues & Stereotypes
• Ron Angeles Sex Scandal
• Rihanna’s LA Mansion Targeted in Gunfire Attack While She Was Home
• Mojtaba Khamenei
• Vladimir Putin Welcomes Mojtaba Khamenei as Iran’s New Leader
• Oil Prices Surge as Mojtaba Khamenei Takes Power Amid Middle East Tensions
• DepEd Ipinatupad ang 4-Day Work Week
• History of Iran