She was an English writer and women’s rights advocate who argued that the human rights articulated by John Locke should also be granted to women. – Mary Wollstonecraft
It is the theory that explains how individuals calculate the pros and cons before making a decision. – Rational Choice Theory
She is an American historian who traced the historical roots, struggles, and paradoxes of the feminist movement in America.? – Nancy Cott
She was an American poet and feminist who wrote “Diving Into the Wreck” and the essay “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.” – Adrienne Rich
This American philosopher introduced the theory of Gender Performativity, which views gender as an act rather than a fixed identity. – Judith Butler
She is a sociologist who emphasized the concept of overlapping oppressions based on race, gender, and class? – Patricia Hill Collins
This philosopher and novelist founded the philosophy of Objectivism, which promotes living for one’s own sake using reason. – Ayn Rand
This concept explains how heterosexuality can function as a system that reinforces male dominance over women. – Compulsory Heterosexuality
It is the theory that describes gender as something performed according to established societal norms of masculinity and femininity. – Gender Performativity
It operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value on factors such as uncertainty and the prevalence of others’ performance. – Cognitive function
It is a new institutionalist approach that examines how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and maintain gender power dynamics. – Feminist institutionalism
These are patterns, norms, rules, and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action. – Institutions
It is an approach that seeks to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings become embedded deeply into the social consciousness. – Institutionalism
It refers to the similarity in form, shape, or structure, explaining how institutions arise, change, and persist through regulative, normative, and cognitive functions. – Isomorphism
It operates through coercive isomorphism, where change depends on compliance with external rules and laws. – Regulative function
It is a form of new institutionalism that focuses on how institutions create meaning for individuals and contribute to normative institutionalism in political science. – Sociological institutionalism
It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation of our economy. – Multicultural Feminists
It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on sex. – Human Feminism
It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are differences in human capacities that are based on sex. – Female Feminism
This is a theory on the creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences. – Gender Performativity
This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. – Liberal Feminism
It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom. – Radical Libertarian Feminists
It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights. – Feminist Theory
This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society’s gender arrangements are fair. – Feminist Theory
This explains how the idea of “sameness” could counterintuitively be used as an instrument of oppression rather than liberation. – Human Feminism
It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women, relegating them to specific roles. – Gender Performativity
It is a social belief that supports gender inequality and establishes perceived roles for men and women. – Gender Ideology
It is the realization or actualization of gender ideology in areas such as hiring practices and unequal salaries. – Gender Inequality
This feminist movement believes sexism is deeply rooted in society and can only be eliminated by abolishing the concept of gender. – Radical Feminism
It argues that the traditional family structure maintains men’s economic power over women and therefore should be rejected. – Radical Feminism
This feminist perspective calls for an end to capitalism through socialist economic reform. – Socialist Feminism
It focuses on how capitalism strengthens the sexist status quo by concentrating power and wealth in the hands of men. – Socialist Feminism
This movement emphasizes that society would benefit more by encouraging feminine values rather than masculine behavior. – Cultural Feminism
It argues that women and men have different approaches to the world and that greater value should be placed on women’s perspectives. – Cultural Feminism
This is an individualistic feminist theory that focuses on equal access to education, equal pay, and ending job sex segregation. – Liberal Feminism
It promotes gender equality in the public sphere and believes that women are not innately less capable than men. – Liberal Feminism
It includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work and examines whether society’s gender arrangements are fair. – Feminist Theory
It is a major branch within sociology that shifts its focus from the male viewpoint to women’s experiences. – Feminist Theory
It counters traditional philosophy and calls for replacing the patriarchal order with a system based on equal rights and justice. – Feminism
It cites women’s oppression as rooted in social, political, and legal constraints. – Liberal Feminism
They believe that the patriarchal system must be completely eliminated and that women should have total sexual and reproductive freedom. – Radical Libertarian Feminists
They encourage women to remove themselves from the institution of compulsory heterosexuality. – Radical Cultural Feminists
They argue that true freedom cannot be achieved in a class-based society, especially for women. – Marxist–Socialist Feminists
They explain how the idea of “sameness” can be used as a tool of oppression rather than liberation. – Multicultural Feminists
They challenge Western dualistic thinking about gender and identity. – Postmodern Feminists
They emphasize the universal interests and concerns of women around the world. – Global Feminists
They focus on the connection between humans and the nonhuman world, linking feminism with environmental concerns. – Ecofeminists
It refers to a social system in which the father or eldest male heads the family or society. – Patriarchy
This wave of feminism focused primarily on women’s right to vote. – First Wave Feminism
This wave centered on equal access to opportunities such as education and employment. – Second Wave Feminism
This current wave emphasizes global equality and broader social justice issues. – Third Wave Feminism
It is a sociological interpretation of institutions which holds that a “logic of appropriateness” guides the behavior of actors within an institution. – Normative Institutionalism
It argues that actors use institutions to maximize their utility but are constrained by rules. – Rational Choice Institutionalism
It emphasizes how timing, sequences, and path dependence shape institutions and social change. – Historical Institutionalism
It focuses on how institutions create meaning for individuals and contribute to normative institutionalism in political science. – Sociological Institutionalism
It studies the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. – Institutional Economics
It concerns the substantive content of ideas and the interactive processes of discourse within institutional contexts. – Discursive Institutionalism
It brings constructivist ideas into institutional theory, emphasizing the role of ideas in shaping structures. – Constructivist Institutionalism
It examines how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutions maintain gender power dynamics. – Feminist Institutionalism
This type of institutionalism predicts that norms and formal rules shape the actions of individuals within institutions. – Normative Institutionalism
This approach highlights how institutions influence political, economic, and social behavior over time. – Historical Institutionalism
It explains institutional behavior by focusing on actors seeking to maximize benefits within rule-based systems. – Rational Choice Institutionalism
This perspective integrates ideas and discourse as central elements in institutional development and change. – Discursive Institutionalism
It connects economic behavior to institutional development and evolutionary change. – Institutional Economics
This approach emphasizes meaning-making processes within institutions. – Sociological Institutionalism
It analyzes institutions through the lens of gender and power relations. – Feminist Institutionalism
This current wave emphasizes global equality and broader social justice issues. – Third Wave Feminism
Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules, practices, and norms they derive authority from. – Key Concepts in Institutionalism
Codified rules, policies, and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws or organizations. Examples include constitutions, official laws, and state-enforced standards. – Formal Institutions
Social practices that are widely accepted but not written down; they persist beyond codified laws. Examples include traditions, social norms, and self-enforced morals. – Informal Institutions
Romanian-born British scholar, considered the father of functionalism in international relations; emphasized that authority lies in functions and needs rather than territory. – David Mitrany
Proposes that states derive authority from their ability to provide for societal needs, relying on expertise and technological advancements rather than territorial control. – Functionalism
French political economist and diplomat, one of the originators of the European Union, who promoted supranationality to achieve state needs beyond borders. – Jean Monnet
During post-World War II Europe, argued for economic collaboration between countries like Germany and France to lift sanctions and promote recovery. – Jean Monnet
American professor of international relations who argued that stabilization of weaker states protects national interests and suggested creating institutions for market democracy. – Stephen Krasner
Believes that while presidents have authority, bureaucratic processes often dissipate perceived power in policy creation. – Stephen Krasner
Rules and practices that are recognized socially rather than legally, more persistent than official codified laws. – Informal Institutions
An alternative to territorialism; emphasizes that the legitimacy of a state comes from functions performed and needs fulfilled. – Functionalism
Principle that allows states to work above national borders for shared goals, reducing the significance of territorial control. – Supranationality
The concept that social and political norms guide behavior even without official legal backing. – Informal Institutions
Advocates for international cooperation and institutions to stabilize weak states and protect powerful nations’ interests. – Stephen Krasner
Patterns, norms, rules, and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action. – Institutions
An approach that analyzes how actions, thoughts, and meanings embed themselves into social consciousness and social psyche. – Institutionalism
The process through which institutions provide social legitimacy and ensure survival by adopting similar forms, shapes, or structures. – Isomorphism
Refers to the similarity in form, shape, or structure that allows institutions to adapt and persist over time. – Isomorphism
The function of isomorphism that operates through laws, rules, and external regulations, placing value on expediency and compliance. – Regulative Function
This type of isomorphism compels change depending on external factors such as laws and rules. – Coercive Isomorphism
The function of isomorphism that operates through social obligations, accreditations, or certifications, emphasizing the importance of social approval. – Normative Function
This type of isomorphism drives institutions to change by conforming to expectations like accreditations or professional standards. – Normative Isomorphism
The function of isomorphism that operates through uncertainty and imitation of others’ practices, focusing on prevalence and perceived success. – Cognitive Function
This type of isomorphism encourages institutions to copy others’ practices when outcomes are uncertain or unclear. – Mimetic Isomorphism
All types of institutionalism share this common concern: determining how institutions affect societal functioning. – Effects of Institutions
Provides institutions with legitimacy and survival by ensuring they are recognized and accepted socially. – Social Legitimacy
The mechanism through which institutions arise, change, and persist due to regulative, normative, and cognitive pressures. – Isomorphic Functions
The value emphasized in coercive isomorphism that makes compliance essential for institutional change. – Expediency
The social process where institutions adopt similar structures to gain legitimacy or ensure survival in society. – Isomorphism
She was an English writer and women’s rights advocate who argued that the human rights articulated by John Locke should also be granted to women. – Mary Wollstonecraft
A social belief that supports gender inequality and assigns perceived roles for men and women. – Gender ideology
The actualization of gender ideology in society, such as unequal hiring practices and salaries. – Gender inequality
A feminist movement that believes sexism is deeply rooted in society and seeks to eliminate the concept of gender. – Radical feminism
Feminist movement that calls for ending capitalism to dismantle male dominance and achieve social equality. – Socialist feminism
A feminist movement that emphasizes valuing feminine behavior and perspectives over masculine ones. – Cultural feminism
Individualistic feminist theory that focuses on women achieving equality through their own actions in the public sphere. – Liberal feminism
She traced the historical roots of the feminist movement in America and identified human feminism vs. female feminism. – Nancy Cott
American poet and feminist who explored women’s oppression, racism, and war through poetry. – Adrienne Rich
Her essay “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence” critiqued heterosexuality as a tool of male dominance. – Adrienne Rich
The theory that gender is an action or performance rather than a pre-established identity. – Gender Performativity
American philosopher and gender theorist who proposed the theory of gender performativity. – Judith Butler
American sociologist who studied feminism from the perspective of black women and overlapping oppressions. – Patricia Hill Collins
Russian-American novelist, philosopher, and playwright who developed Objectivism. – Ayn Rand
The philosophy that advocates living for one’s own sake without sacrificing oneself for others. – Objectivism
The perceived societal expectation that women should stay at home while men work outside. – Traditional gender roles
The practice of assigning toys according to gender, e.g., dolls for girls and action figures for boys. – Gendered toys / Gender ideology in toys
This is to reflected when a secretarial post only accepts female applicants. – Gender inequality
This is to suggest technology to allow babies to be grown outside the woman’s body to promote equality. – Radical feminists
Feminist ideology that believes capitalism strengthens male dominance over women. – Socialist feminism
Cultural feminism claims that a woman’s perspective on the world can be ______ compared to men’s. – Superior / More valuable
This is aims to achieve equality in education, pay, and ending job sex segregation. – Liberal feminism
The paradox in feminist ideologies identified by Nancy Cott distinguishing equal treatment from women solidarity. – Human feminism vs. Female feminism
Adrienne Rich’s poetry collection that explored women’s oppression and received wide praise. – “Diving Into the Wreck”
Judith Butler claims gender is not pre-established but a ______ based on social norms. – Choice / Performance
Patricia Hill Collins emphasizes examining oppression through which three overlapping factors? – Race, Gender, and Class
Mary Wollstonecraft lived during which years? – 1759–1797
Ayn Rand lived during which years? – 1905–1982
This is to reinforced when children are ridiculed for playing with toys associated with the opposite gender. – Gender ideology
Radical feminists argue that the traditional family system should be ______. – Rejected